References

References

  1. Beyond Barriers: Reimagining Access to Post-Pregnancy Contraception – The Case for Change. College of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (CoSRH); Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). 2025

  2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 4: Contraception after childbirth. NICE Quality Standard QS129. September 2016

  3. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. Birth after Previous Caesarean Birth. Green-top Guideline No 45. October 2015

  4. College of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. Contraception After Pregnancy. FSRH Guideline. October 2020

  5. Schummers L, Hutcheon JA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Williams PL, Hacker MR, VanderWeele TJ, Norman WV. Association of Short Interpregnancy Interval With Pregnancy Outcomes According to Maternal Age. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1661-1670. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4696. PMID: 30383085; PMCID: PMC6583597

  6. Wendt A, Gibbs CM, Peters S, Hogue CJ. Impact of increasing inter-pregnancy interval on maternal and infant health. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1(0 1):239-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01285.x. PMID: 22742614; PMCID: PMC4562277

  7. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. (2025). Sexual and reproductive health profiles: statistical commentary, March 2025. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sexual-and-reproductive-health-profiles-march-2025-update/sexual-and-reproductive-health-profiles-statistical-commentary-march-2025 (accessed 2nd September 2026)

  8. Abortion statistics in England and Wales. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care; United Kingdom Government. www.gov.uk/government/collections/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales (accessed 2nd September 2026)

  9. Public Health England (2021) Contraception return on investment tool: maternity and primary care settings (Download the tool here)

  10. Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing: Geneva, Switzerland 13–15 June 2005. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007

  11. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Scenario: Pre-conception advice for all women. NICE CKS. June 2025, https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/pre-conception-advice-management (accessed 2nd September 2026)

  12. Javed, M., Baloch, F. N., & Verma, V. (2026). From Birth to Unintended Pregnancy: Postnatal Contraception Failures in the First Postpartum Year. Cureus, 18 (3), e10552. doi:10.7759/cureus.10552

  13. Mühlrad, H., Björkegren, E., Haraldson, P., Bohm-Starke, N., Kopp Kallner, H. and Brismar Wendel, S. (2022) ‘Interpregnancy interval and maternal and neonatal morbidity: a nationwide cohort study’, Scientific Reports, 12, Article 17402

  14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Postnatal Care. NICE Guideline NG 194. April 2021



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